Science 24 Vocabulary

Chapter 1: Useful Chemistry

Synthetic (Ch1) - man made chemical, not natural; made in a factory

Pesticide (Ch1) - chemical that kills pests (plants, insects or animals) , some are dangerous to humans

Herbicides (Ch1) - chemical that kills plants, eg. Agent Orange

Insecticides (Ch1) - chemical that kills insects, eg. DDT

Natural fibres (Ch1) - fibres found in nature: leather, cotton, silk, wool, etc…

Synthetic Polymers (Ch1) - plastic made from hydrocarbons (oil), they can be fibres or sheets Eg. house wrap, gore-tex, polyester, vinyl, rayon, polyethylene (plastic bag), spandex, fibreglass, etc…

Alloy (Ch1) - combination of 2 or more metals Eg. steel (iron, carbon), stainless steel (iron, nickel, carbon, magnesium), bronze (copper, zinc), etc...

HHPS (Hazardous Household Product Symbols) (Ch1) - symbols for poisonous, flammable, explosive and corrosive found on household chemicals (cleaners, glues, aerosol cans etc…)

WHMIS (Ch1) - Workplace Hazardous Materials Information Symbols

MSDS (Ch1) - Materials Safety Data Sheet

Chapter 2: Common Reactions in Our Lives

Chemical Reaction (Ch2) - transformation that occurs when two or more chemicals react together to form a new substance

Reactants (Ch2) - substances present before a chemical reaction

Products (Ch2) - substances present after a chemical reaction

Combustion (Ch2) - chemical reaction in which a substance combines with oxygen to produce heat and light

Neutralization (Ch2) - acid and base react to form salt water and release heat (sometimes very hot)

Precipitate (Ch2) - a solid formed from liquids during a chemical reaction.

Exothermic reaction (Ch2) - a reaction that releases heat (gets hot, eg. combustion)

Energy changes (Ch2) - production or absorption of a form of energy (sound, light, heat)

Endothermic reaction (Ch2) - a reaction that absorbs heat (gets cold, eg. cold pack)

Chapter 3 Types of Chemical Reactions

Word equation (Ch3) - symbolic representation of a chemical reaction that uses words to indicate reactants and products

Single composition (Ch3) - reaction in which two or more elements combine to form a compound

Simple decomposition (Ch3) - reaction that breaks a compound into the elements that make it up

Chemical name (Ch3) - standard scientific name by which each element or compound is known; established by an internationally recognized naming system

Chemical formula (Ch3) - standard scientific symbol by which each chemical element or compound is known

Common name (Ch3) - name by which a common chemical is referred to in society; varies from region to region; existed long before an international naming system was created

Law of Conservation of Mass (Ch3) - matter can be neither created nor destroyed

Balanced chemical equation (Ch3) - reaction equation that has the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation

Coefficients (Ch3) - numbers placed in front of chemical formulas to balance the number of atoms on either side of the equal sign in a chemical equation

Chapter 4 Reactions and the Environment

Greenhouse gases (Ch4) - compounds (such as carbon dioxide, water, and methane) that trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere

Global warming (Ch4) - long-term trend toward warmer temperatures accompanied by extreme climatic events and shifting of the climatic zones; more correctly called global climate change because some places will get warmer, others colder; some dryer, other wetter

Climate change (Ch4) - natural process of Earth’s warming and cooling intervals; see also global climate change

Acid precipitation (Ch4) - sometimes referred to as acid rain; rain, snow, fog, or dew that has become more acidic

Acid deposition (Ch4) - acidic materials (liquids or solids that contain sulfuric or nitric acid) that are deposited on Earth

sulfur dioxide (SO₂ (g)) (Ch4) - SO₂(g); acidic gas that mixes with water vapour in clouds to form acid precipitation

nitrous oxides (NO_x(g)) (Ch4) - NO_x(g); naturally produced acidic gases that mix with water vapour in clouds to form acid precipitation

Liming (Ch4) - process of adding natural limestone to lake water to neutralize lakes that have been acidified by acid deposition; neutralizing means bringing the pH of lake water closer to normal

Scrubber (Ch4) - device installed in industrial smokestacks to remove sulfur and other pollutants formed during the combustion of coal, for example

Corrosion (Ch4) - process that chemically breaks down or degrades metal

Rusting (Ch4) - one type of corrosion (destructive corrosion of iron)

Galvanization (Ch4) - process of applying a zinc coating to iron or steel to provide a protective barrier (against rust) between the metal and the Environment

Sacrificial metal (Ch4) - metal used to protect a nearby metal that is more reactive; it “draws” the corrosion; magnesium is a common sacrificial metal

Unit B: Energy Transformations

Chapter 5 Energy Conversions

Energy (Ch5) - ability to do work

Potential energy (Ch5) - stored energy that can be converted into other forms

Kinetic energy (Ch5) - energy due to motion

Solar energy (Ch5) - energy from the Sun

Thermal energy (Ch5) - heat

Wind energy (Ch5) - kinetic energy captured by windmills

Geothermal energy (Ch5) - heat produced within Earth (from geothermal activity) that comes close to the surface; can be used for heating or to produce electricity

Input energy (Ch5) - energy that enters the system

Converter (Ch5) - system in which energy is changed from one form into another

Output energy (Ch5) - energy that leaves the system

Chemical energy (Ch5) - energy in chemicals; for example, potential energy from food converts to chemical energy during digestion and chemical energy in fireworks ingredients is transformed to light, sound, and heat energy when the fireworks are set off

Law of Conservation of energy (Ch5) - energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy can only be changed from one form of energy to another

Chapter 6 Electric Energy at Home

Generator (Ch6) - device that makes electricity

Turbine (Ch6) - sets of blades put at an angle so they can collect energy from fast moving water, steam, or wind

Hydro-electric (Ch6) - kinetic energy of moving water converted into electric energy

Thermo-electric (Ch6) - chemical energy stored in a fossil fuel and converted into thermal energy, then to kinetic energy, then to electric energy

Thermonuclear (Ch6) - thermal energy released when atoms are split that is used to produce electricity

Solar cells (Ch6) - energy from the Sun

Newton (N) (Ch6) - unit of measure for force; force applied over distance

Power (Ch6) - rate at which energy is transferred or work is done

Watt (Ch6) - W; international unit representing one joule of energy per second

Watt hour (W•h) (Ch6) - one watt of power per hour, W∙h

Kilowatt hour ( kW•h) (Ch6) - 1000 watts per hour, kW∙h

Efficiency (Ch6) - measure of how well energy is converted to accomplish the intended task

Chapter 7 Energy for Life

Chloroplasts (Ch7) - special parts of green plants that capture solar energy

Chlorophyll (Ch7) - green enzyme in plant cells that enables photosynthesis

Photosynthesis (Ch7) - process by which plants use chlorophyll and sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen

Cellular respiration (Ch7) - process used by all plant and animal cells to obtain energy from food

Homeostasis (Ch7) - state of equilibrium or balance; regulation of the body’s internal environment

Metabolism (Ch7) - rate at which a human body uses energy

Carbohydrate (Ch7) - main source of energy for the human body; usually in the form of glucose

Glycogen (Ch7) - starch-like carbohydrate in which the body stores glucose for future use

Fat (Ch7) - source of energy and energy storage in animals;

Saturated fats (Ch7) - animal fats and some oils; associated with an increased risk of heart disease

Unsaturated fats (Ch7) - most vegetable oils; associated with a lowered risk of heart disease

Protein (Ch7) - building block and source of energy for the body

Metabolic needs (Ch7) - body’s needs for energy

Chapter 8 Fossil Fuels

Fossil fuels (Ch8) - formed from the remains of swamp vegetation and/or animals that lived about 300 million years ago; include coal, crude oil (petroleum), and natural gas

Coal (Ch8) - solid fossil fuels

Natural gas (Ch8) - gaseous fossil fuels

Crude oil (Ch8) - petroleum; combination of liquid fossil fuels

Petroleum (Ch8) - crude oil; liquid fossil fuels

Reservoir rock (Ch8) - porous rock containing tiny droplets of oil forced there by changes in Earth’s crust

Seismic survey (Ch8) - method used by geologists to determine the location of potential oil and natural gas reservoirs by sending shock waves through the layers of Earth’s crust that reflect off rock; the printout from this survey shows the underground rock formations

Pump jack (Ch8) - working component in an oil well; lifts oil located deep underground hundreds of metres to the surface

Lift pump (Ch8) - working component in an oil well located deep underground; lifts oil hundreds of metres to the surface

Distillation (Ch8) - process by which a substance (such as crude oil) is separated into its component parts by boiling it and then condensing the resulting vapours

Combustion (Ch8) - chemical reaction in which a substance combines with oxygen to produce heat and light; burning

Hydrocarbons (Ch8) - group of fossil fuels so named because they are made up of carbon and hydrogen

Non-renewable (Ch8) - useable only once; will not form again in nature in the foreseeable future

Acid deposition (Ch8) - acidic materials (liquids or solids that contain sulfuric or nitric acid) that are deposited on Earth

Global climate change (Ch8) - formerly called global warming; during this process, some places on Earth may get much warmer while others may get cooler; see climate change

Unit C: Disease Defence and Human Health

Chapter 9 Disease

Pasteurization (Ch9) - process in which a food is heated to kill the microbes that make it spoil

Disease (Ch9) - illness; something that prevents the normal functioning of the body

Microbes (Ch9) - micro-organisms

Pathogens (Ch9) - disease-causing agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists

Bacteria (Ch9) - microscopic, one-celled organisms; may be beneficial, harmful, or neither

Viruses (Ch9) - microscopic, non-cellular disease-causing agents; see also pathogens

Fungi (Ch9) - organisms that live off dead and decaying organisms or are parasitic on living organisms; see also parasites (singular fungus)

Protist (Ch9) - single-celled organisms that share some characteristics with both animals and plants; some cause serious disease, such as malaria; see also pathogens

Parasites (Ch9) - living organisms that get their nourishment from a host organism; cannot live independently

Communicable diseases (Ch9) - illnesses that can be spread from one organism to another

Non-communicable diseases (Ch9) - illnesses that are not caused by pathogens and so cannot be spread from one organism to another

Botulism (Ch9) - form of food poisoning caused by bacteria

Salmonellosis (Ch9) - form of food poisoning caused by bacteria

Sanitary (Ch9) - maintaining clean, germ free conditions to help prevent disease

Poverty (Ch9) - circumstance in which basic needs for food, water, health care, and education are not met due to economic conditions

Staph bacteria (Ch9) - staphylococcus; cause of food poisoning

Sterilization (Ch9) - process that uses steam to destroy microscopic organisms such as bacteria

Aseptic (Ch9) - free of pathogens

Chapter 10 Society’s Response to Disease

Pandemics (Ch10) - diseases that affect a large proportion of the population in many countries; farther-reaching than epidemics

Epidemics (Ch10) - diseases that spread through the population faster and more widely than would normally be expected; not as widespread as pandemics

Quarantine (Ch10) - isolate sick people, often in special facilities; place where such people are isolated

Public health (Ch10) - government and other agencies working together to develop and maintain healthy communities

Vaccine (Ch10) - antigen injected into the body as a catalyst for the body to begin producing antibodies; see also vaccination and immunization

Vaccinations (Ch10) - injection of vaccine; an antigen; see vaccine

Immunization (Ch10) - catalyst for the body to begin producing antibodies; see vaccination

Chapter 11 Protecting Yourself from Disease

Antibodies (Ch11) - protein compounds released by white blood cells to react with and destroy antigens

Physical defenses (Ch11) - body’s physical barriers against pathogens; include the skin and secretions such as mucus

Inflammatory response (Ch11) - tissue swelling and increased blood flow; the body’s second line of defense against further damage when the physical barrier of the skin is breached

Immune system (Ch11) - body’s third line of defense against disease; targets specific pathogens

Macrophages (Ch11) - specialized white blood cells of the immune system that surround and destroy damaged cells, foreign protein, and pathogens

Antigens (Ch11) - structures attached to all cells; they help the body’s immune system identify pathogens

Inherited immunity (Ch11) - resistance that organisms have to most diseases; passed on genetically

Acquired immunity (Ch11) - body’s immunity to pathogens developed throughout life by natural exposure or vaccination; see active immunity and passive immunity

Active immunity (Ch11) - body’s process of developing antibodies against certain diseases; see acquired immunity

Passive immunity (Ch11) - antibodies introduced into the body to create immunity; see also acquired immunity

Vaccine (Ch11) - antigen injected into the body as a catalyst for the body to begin producing antibodies; see also vaccination and immunization

Immunization (Ch11) - catalyst for the body to begin producing antibodies; see vaccination

Over-the-counter drugs - medications sold without a doctor’s prescription

Antibiotic (Ch11) - drug that fights bacterial infections by either killing bacteria or preventing them from reproducing

Chapter 12 Genetics and Health

Genetics (Ch12) - scientific study of how characteristics or traits are passed from parents to offspring

Chromosomes (Ch12) - found in the nucleus of a cell; they contain DNA

DNA (Ch12) - complex molecule that contains genetic information; appears as long strands in the nucleus of each cell

Genes (Ch12) - basic building blocks of inherited traits that form segments that make up DNA; see also DNA

Heredity (Ch12) - passing of characteristics from parents to offspring

Dominant (Ch12) - inherited traits/genes that appear in offspring; tend to cover recessive traits; see also recessive

Recessive (Ch12) - inherited traits/genes that do not appear in offspring except when both parents possess the trait; are covered by dominant traits; see also dominant

Hybrid (Ch12) - organism with both the dominant and recessive gene for a trait

Purebred (Ch12) - organism with identical genes for each trait; for example, the same two genes for tallness — TT or tt

Genotype (Ch12) - letter code for the combination of genes that an organism has for each trait

Punnett square (Ch12) - tool used by geneticists to predict the probability of offspring inheriting certain traits

Pedigree (Ch12) - family tree; diagram used by geneticists to show the history of a trait passed from generation to generation

Mutation (Ch12) - change in genetic information because of an abnormal gene (change may be beneficial, harmful, or neither)

Mutagens (Ch12) - environmental factors (anything outside the body) that cause mutation

Genetic disorders (Ch12) - diseases or illnesses caused by alterations to genes that affect their normal functioning

Genetic engineering (Ch12) - transferring genes from one organism or type of organism to another

Amniocentesis (Ch12) - procedure used to determine the chromosomal makeup of a fetus and to check for abnormalities

Unit D: Safety in Transportation

Chapter 13 A Need for Safety

Statistics (Ch13) - numerical facts gathered and analyzed in an effort to identify patterns

Reaction time (Ch13) - time it takes to recognize a situation and act on it

Distraction (Ch13) - anything that takes attention away from a task

Stimulant (Ch13) - substance that increases heart rate and speeds up reaction time; at high doses, can impair reaction time because it makes it more difficult for the person to focus

Impaired (Ch13) - unable to function normally

Depressant (Ch13) - substance that slows reactions, lowers co-ordination, and increases drowsiness

BAC (Ch13) - Blood Alcohol Concentration; measure of the amount of alcohol in the bloodstream; usually measured in milligrams of alcohol per millilitre of blood

Drink (Ch13) - practical guide for monitoring alcohol consumption that defines a standard drink as either 45 mL of hard liquor (40% alcohol), 150 mL of wine (11% alcohol), or 350 mL of beer (4% alcohol)

Impaired driving (Ch13) - legal term for the offence of driving with a blood alcohol concentration of more than 0.08; may be applied to other forms of impairment

Chapter 14 The Nature of Speed

Distance (Ch14) - change in position

Time (Ch14) - interval between events

Velocity (Ch14) - speed; distance travelled during a specific time interval

Distance vs time graphs (Ch14) - graphic representations of speed (velocity)

Variables (Ch14) - aspect of an investigation that changes because it is manipulated or because it responds to manipulation; see also manipulated variable and responding variable

Manipulated variable (Ch14) - aspect of an investigation that the researcher changes; see also variable and responding variable

Responding variable (Ch14) - aspect of an investigation that the researcher measures as it changes; see also variable and manipulated variable

Run (Ch14) - difference in horizontal position on a graph; shows the time interval between two points on a distance/time graph

Rise (Ch14) - difference in vertical position on a graph; shows the distance interval between two points on a distance/ time graph

Slope (Ch14) - steepness of the line on a graph; measured by dividing rise by run

Braking distance (Ch14) - distance a vehicle travels between when the driver applies the brakes and when the vehicle comes to a stop; see also stopping distance

Stopping distance (Ch14) - distance that a vehicle travels during reaction time (until the vehicle stops); see also braking distance

Following distance (Ch14) - distance (measured in seconds) at which it is considered safe to follow another vehicle under good driving conditions; generally accepted to be two seconds

Chapter 15 The Physics of Collisions

Momentum (Ch15) - measure of an object’s motion and likelihood that the object will remain in motion

Force (Ch15) - any push or pull on an object

braking (Ch15) - force applied by brakes to stop a vehicle

Friction (Ch15) - force resisting motion, caused by substances rubbing together; rubbing

Impulse (Ch15) - force that changes momentum; force applied over time

Law of Conservation of Momentum (Ch15) - total momentum of colliding objects stays the same after the collision

Total Momentum (Ch15) - sum of momentum of colliding objects

Chapter 16 The Technology of Safety

Restraining features (Ch16) - hold occupant in place; prevent occupant from hitting the dashboard, windshield, sides, or roof of the car, or from being thrown out of the vehicle during a collision; include seat belts, air bags, headrests, and child seats

Operational features (Ch16) - parts of a vehicle that operate all the time to keep occupants safe; include headlights, rear-view and side-view mirrors, tail and signal lights, brakes, etc.

Crash test dummies (Ch16) - manikins designed to behave like the human body during a collision; fitted with sensors to record data

Crumple zones (Ch16) - parts of a vehicle designed to crush when hit, absorbing much of the energy in a collision; include hood, trunk, and fenders

Road safety features (Ch16) - traits of a road that are designed to decrease the force of a collision by slowing the impulse; see crash cushion and guardrails

Crash cushion (Ch16) - road feature designed to decrease the force of a collision by slowing the impulse; barrels of water or sand; see also road safety features and guardrails

Guardrails (Ch16) - road features designed to keep vehicles on the road and to decrease the force of a collision by slowing the impulse and thus absorbing the force of the collision; see crash cushion and road safety features

2-point belts (Ch16) - see lap belts

Lap belts (Ch16) - 2-point seat belts; vehicle seat belts designed to hold the occupant in place by securing the person to the seat with a strap placed across the pelvis

3-point belt (Ch16) - see shoulder harness

Shoulder harness (Ch16) - 3-point seat belt; vehicle seat belt designed to hold the occupant in place by securing the person to the seat with one strap placed across the pelvis and another strap placed across the chest from pelvis to shoulder

Infant-only seats (Ch16) - vehicle safety seats designed to restrain an infant during a collision and transfer the force of a crash to the infant’s back

Child seat (Ch16) - vehicle safety seat designed to restrain a child Convertible child seats

Booster seats (Ch16) - vehicle safety seats designed to raise a child enough to fit the seat belt properly; allow the seat belt to restrain the child during a collision

Air bag (Ch16) - inflatable bag instantly released from a vehicle’s steering wheel or dashboard in a collision in order to restrain the occupant and lessen chance of serious injury

First generation air bags (Ch16) - first air bag design; inflated too quickly and too much, often causing injury; see air bag

Second generation design (Ch16) - improvement on early air bag design; inflates more slowly without overinflating; see air bag and air bag, first generation

Third generation air bags (Ch16) - further improvement in air bag design; senses both mass of the occupant and force of collision; adjusts the inflation accordingly; see air bag and air bag, second generation

SCIENCE 24 - VOCABULARY

Unit A: Matter and Chemical Change